ABSTRACT The particle film technology has been reported as a promising tool in pest control. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of kaolin-based products against the oviposition of South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Dip.:Tephritidae), and its effect on the quality of citrus fruits. The experiment was conducted in orchards of ‘Okitsu’ tangerine and ‘Valencia’ orange trees in the 2017, 2018 and 2019 harvests. The treatments were as follows: 1) kaolin 10% + 0.1% Break-Thru® adjuvant; 2) Surround® 5% WP; 3) 0.15% phosmet (Imidan® 500 WP), 75 g. a.i.; 4) without application (control). The sprays were performed every 21 days. At harvest, fruits were individually packed in a greenhouse for inspection after 25 days and infestation was recorded. Fruit samples were evaluated for average diameter, average mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and peel colorimetry. Infestation of A. fraterculus in tangerines was reduced in plants treated with the two kaolin-based products in the 2017 harvest. In the 2017 and 2019 crops, Surround® WP reduced the infestation and the number of puparium/fruits in oranges. The mineral films did not alter the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits, representing a promising alternative for the management of A. fraterculus.

Abstract Diachasmimorpha longicaudata is the most used braconid in biological control programs for Tephritidae fruit flies worldwide. The aim of this work was to assess the functional response and preference of this parasitoid to larvae of Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus, in different densities of hosts. The functional response of females of D. longicaudata was assessed, independently, in two hosts (third instar larvae of C. capitata or A. fraterculus), in seven densities 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 35 or 55 larvae of fruit flies per one female of parasitoid exposed in unit of artificial parasitism, for three hours, in at least 20 repetitions. The species showed a Type III functional response regardless of the density of host larvae, in both species, indicating that they are feasible hosts for multiplication of the parasitoid, under the conditions tested. The number of individuals parasitized and the percentage of female emergence were superior in A. fraterculus, when compared to C. capitata. Parasitism in field and progeny of female parasitoids can be incremented using larvae of A. fraterculus in the rearing of D. longicaudata.

ABSTRACT Oebalus poecilus is one of the most important pests of irrigated rice in Brazil. However, the impact of this species on the cultivar IRGA 424 RI, which is the most used, is unknown. Hence, the objective of this work is to evaluate the damage caused by O. poecilus on cv IRGA 424 RI. Panicles of this cultivar were infested for seven days at the R5 stage, using a randomized block design, considering the following factors sex, insect reproductive stage and insect density (number/panicle). In order to analyze the effect of these factors, the qualitative and quantitative damage caused by stink bugs to panicles were evaluated. An interaction was found between the sex and developmental stage for quantitative variables, in which reproductive females were responsible for increasing the damage in comparison to pre-reproductive females and the males, while the greatest qualitative damage was caused by reproductive insects regardless of sex and by females, despite the reproductive stage. Density of only one infesting insect has already increased the qualitative damage, while significant losses on the weight of the grain were verified with the infestation of two insects, demonstrating that IRGA 424 RI is susceptible to the attack of these stink bugs.

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), native of Southeast Asia, is present in Brazil but restricted to Amapá, Pará and Roraima, where it has quarantine pest status. The possible dispersion to other fruit producing regions of Brazil could cause damages, including for exportation, due to quarantine restrictions imposed by fruit importing countries. The objective of this work was to describe the biological parameters and calculate the fertility life table of B. carambolae on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The mean number of punctures and the mean number of eggs per female on grapes were 1.48 ± 0.05 and 9.87 ± 0.36, respectively. The mean number puparia per fruit was 0.1 ± 0.02 (grape) and 0.5 ± 0.10 (acerola). The pupal viability was 82.4% (grape) and 70.6% (acerola). The mean time ± SE of one generation, in days, was 25.8 ± 1.10 (grape) and 19.7 ± 0.21 (acerola). The mean fecundity was 1663.8 ± 501.01 (grape) and 206.9 ± 26.21 (acerola) with eggs viability of 5.6% (grape) and 12.5% (acerola). The mean longevity, in days, was 77.3 ± 12.13 on grape and 82.4 ± 4.24 on acerola. The study found that B. carambolae completes its biological cycle on grape and on acerola leaving offspring.

RESUMO Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) é um parasitoide coinobionte de larvas de Tephritidae sendo que o terceiro ínstar larval é tido como o preferencial, mas pode parasitar outros estágios larvais e competir com os parasitoides nativos. Este estudo investigou a preferência e capacidade de parasitismo de D. longicaudata em larvas de diferentes ínstares de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (AF) e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (CC). Os experimentos foram realizados em condições laboratoriais, sendo oferecido um ínstar por vez em unidades de parasitismo, havendo escolha entre os hospedeiros: 25 larvas de AF e 25 larvas de CC (foram avaliadas larvas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstar). O outro teste foi de múltipla escolha em relação ao ínstar, para larvas da mesma espécie hospedeira, sendo oferecidas três unidades de parasitismo, com 15 larvas de cada ínstar. Avaliou-se o número médio de pupários formados, parasitoides emergidos, pupários parasitados, pupas inviáveis e razão sexual. No primeiro bioensaio o número médio de parasitoides emergidos e pupários parasitados no hospedeiro AF foram significativamente superiores nos tratamentos com larvas de primeiro e segundo ínstar. Para CC não houve diferença entre os ínstares testados. No segundo bioensaio, o valor médio de parasitoides emergidos e de pupas parasitadas foi maior nas larvas de segundo e terceiro ínstar para CC, e para AF nas larvas de segundo ínstar. A razão sexual foi desviada para machos em todos os tratamentos, nos dois bioensaios. Os resultados demostram que D. longicaudata pode parasitar e ter sucesso em qualquer ínstar larval disponível, podendo competir com parasitoides de qualquer ínstar.

ABSTRACT Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) is a koinobiont parasitoid of Tephritidae larvae, the third instar larvae of which is considered preferential, but it is able to parasitize other larval stages and compete with native parasitoids. This study investigated the preference and parasitism capacity of D. longicaudata in larvae of different instar of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (AF) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (CC). The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, one instar being offered at a time in parasitism units, with the following choices among the hosts: 25 AF larvae and 25 CC larvae (first, second and third instar were evaluated). The other test was a multiple-choice in relation to the instar, for larvae of the same host species, with three parasitism units being offered, with 15 larvae of each instar. The mean number of formed pupae, emerged parasitoids, parasitized pupae, unviable pupae and sex ratio were evaluated. In the first bioassay, the mean number of emerged parasitoids and parasitized pupae in the AF host were significantly higher in treatments with first and second instar larvae. For CC there was no difference between the instars tested. In the second bioassay, the mean value of emerged parasitoids and parasitized pupae, was higher in second and third instar larvae for CC, and for AF was in second instar larvae. The sex ratio was biased for males in all treatments in both bioassays. The results show that D. longicaudata can parasitize and be successful in all available larval instars, being able to compete with parasitoids of any instar.

RESUMO Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é um dos parasitoides mais utilizados em programas de controle biológico de tefritídeos no mundo. Contudo pouco se sabe sobre a capacidade de aprendizagem e memória deste braconídeo na busca pelo hospedeiro Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Neste estudo, avaliou-se o tempo de residência (TR) e o parasitismo de fêmeas de D. longicaudata oriundas de larvas de A. fraterculus criadas em dieta artificial, goiaba ou em manga e posteriormente, expostas aos odores destes frutos. Foi observada a aprendizagem de fêmeas de D. longicaudata condicionadas na fase adulta aos voláteis de óleo essencial de baunilha (OEB) e de laranja (OEL) e avaliadas, com os mesmos, em testes de quimiotaxia. Também registrou-se a memória deste parasitoide exposto ao OEB. Os insetos utilizados nos experimentos foram mantidos em câmaras climatizadas (25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% UR) na fotofase de 14 h (adultos) e na escotofase (imaturos). As respostas quimiotáxicas foram registradas com olfatômetro tipo “Y” e o parasitismo (condicionamento na fase imatura), em larvas mantidas em unidades com polpa de goiaba, manga ou sem polpa (controle). Fêmeas do parasitoide criadas em larvas mantidas em dieta artificial foram expostas a OEL ou OEB por 4 h e a aprendizagem e memória (OEB) avaliadas em olfatômetro, a cada 24 h e por até 72 h. Fêmeas inexperientes de D. longicaudata foram mais atraídas para os voláteis de manga e goiaba em relação ao controle. No entanto, as experientes apresentaram TR maior para os odores dos frutos nos quais se desenvolveram. Contudo, quando os odores destes frutos foram oferecidos simultaneamente, o TR foi maior para os voláteis de manga. O percentual de parasitismo de vespas inexperientes foi maior na presença das polpas e, das experientes, nas larvas que continham os odores aos quais haviam sido condicionadas. O TR de fêmeas inexperientes foi significativamente maior para a acetona do que para os odores dos óleos. Fêmeas experientes em OEB responderam mais a este odor em relação ao controle, entretanto, não houve diferença para os experientes em OEL. A memória ao odor de OEB foi mantida por até 48 h. Concluímos que fêmeas experientes reconhecem odores aos quais se desenvolvem e aos óleos aos quais receberam experiência, resultando em preferência a estes quanto ao tempo de residência. Entretanto, reconhecer fatores que interferem na comunicação entre hospedeiro-parasitoide pode possibilitar maior adequação e confiabilidade na utilização de D. longicaudata em programas de controle biológico.

ABSTRACT Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most used parasitoids in biological control programs of tephritids worldwide. Nevertheless, the knowledge about search strategies related to its learning and memory ability for finding its host Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is still limited. We observed residence time (RT) and parasitism of D. longicaudata females from A. fraterculus larvae reared on artificial diet, guava or mango and later exposed to these fruits odors. We registered the learning behavior of female parasitoids conditioned with vanilla essential oil (VEO) and orange essential oil (OEO) and evaluated with the same volatiles in chemotaxis’ bioassays. We also recorded the memory of this parasitoid exposed to VEO. Insects were kept under controlled chambers (25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% RH) with 14 h photophase (adults) or in the scotophase (immature). The chemotactic responses were recorded with a "Y" olfactometer and the parasitism (immature stage conditioning), in larvae kept in fractions with guava pulp, mango or without pulp (control). Parasitoids females reared on larvae maintained on artificial diet were exposed to VEO or OEO for 4 h and learning and memory (VEO) evaluated in olfactometer, every 24 until 72 h. Inexperienced females of D. longicaudata were more attracted to volatiles of mango and guava when contrasted with control. Nevertheless, the experienced ones presented higher RT to the odors from fruits that they developed. However, when the odors of these fruits were offered simultaneously, the RT was higher for mango volatiles. The percentage of parasitism of inexperienced wasps was higher on the presence of pulps and, to experienced, in the larvae with odors which it had been conditioned. RT of inexperienced females was significantly higher for acetone than for odors of oils. Female with previous contact with VEO responded more to this odor than to control, however, no differences were found in chemotactic responses of females pre-exposed to OEO. VEO odor memory was maintained at least 48 h. We conclude that experienced females recognized odors to which they developed and the oils to which they have been given experience, resulting in preference as to residence time, resulting in preference to them as to the residence time. However, recognizing interference factors in host-parasitoid communication may allow greater adequacy and reliability to use D. longicaudata in biological control programs.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a flutuação populacional e estimar o número de gerações por ano de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), com base nas variáveis meteorológicas de Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido em pomar orgânico de macieira, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2012. O número de moscas-das-frutas foi aferido semanalmente, com quatro armadilhas do tipo McPhail iscadas com Torula®. A associação entre o número de adultos capturados e as variáveis meteorológicas (temperaturas máxima, mínima e média, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar) foi feita pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05). Para o período de entressafra (maio a setembro), os valores médios diários das variáveis meteorológicas foram calculados pelos testes F ou de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). O número de gerações/ano foi estimado utilizando-se os dados de temperatura mínima de 2009 até 2012, constante térmica e temperatura basal estabelecidos para A. fraterculus. Verificou-se que a mosca-das-frutas sul-americana ocorreu de novembro a abril, com picos populacionais em janeiro ou fevereiro. Apenas na safra 2010/2011 houve correlação entre o número médio de adultos capturados e as temperaturas máxima, média e mínima. Estimou-se que podem ocorrer em torno de oito gerações de A. fraterculus por ano em Caçador, Santa Catarina.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluated the population fluctuation and estimate the number of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) generations per year, based on meteorological variables in Caçador, SC, Brazil. The work was carried out in an organic apple orchard from October/2009 to April/2012. The fruit flies numbers were weekly recorded with four McPhail traps baited with Torula®. The association between the number of adults captured and meteorological variables (maximum, average and minimum temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity) was calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). In off-season crop (May to September), the daily average of the meteorological variables were evaluated calculated by F or Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The number of generations per year was estimated based on minimum temperature from 2009 to 2012, thermal constant and basal temperature, established for A. fraterculus. The South American fruit fly occurred from November to April, with population peaks in January or February. We observed, only in 2010/2011 crop season, correlation between average number of adults captured and maximum, average and minimum temperatures. It was estimated that may occur about eight A. fraterculus generations per year in Caçador, Santa Catarina.

RESUMO Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 mantido em ovos de Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879, tem sido utilizado no controle biológico de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797). No entanto, fatores como idade do hospedeiro e experiência prévia, podem influenciar o parasitismo e o comportamento do parasitoide. Esse estudo avaliou a influência da idade dos ovos e da experiência em ovos e extrato de ovos de S. frugiperda no comportamento quimiotáxico e no parasitismo de T. pretiosum. Ovos de S. frugiperda com 24, 48 e 72 horas, foram expostos a fêmeas de T. pretiosum. Também foi avaliado o tempo de experiência do parasitoide, no mesmo hospedeiro, por 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 24 horas, assim como, seu tempo de exposição (1, 2, 3 e 24 horas). As respostas quimiotáxicas de T. pretiosum (experiente e não experiente) em extrato de ovos de S. frugiperda foram observadas em olfatômetro tipo Y. As taxas de parasitismo foram registradas em teste de escolha, com insetos experientes e inexperientes com ovos e extrato de ovos de S. frugiperda. O parasitismo em S. frugiperda foi significativamente maior em ovos com 24 horas de idade. Fêmeas inexperientes e experientes por 1, 3 e 4 horas, apresentaram uma menor taxa de parasitismo, quando comparadas a fêmeas expostas por 5, 6 e 24 horas. Não houve diferença de parasitismo em fêmeas expostas por 2, 3 e 24 horas, comparadas às expostas por uma hora. Fêmeas experientes foram mais atraídas ao extrato de ovos de S. frugiperda, do que ao controle (hexano). A porcentagem de parasitismo, em fêmeas inexperientes, foi maior em ovos de E. kuehniella (hospedeiro de origem), no entanto, o mesmo resultado não foi observado em fêmeas experientes.

ABSTRACT Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 eggs, have been used in biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797). However, host age and experience just after emergence might have some influence on parasitism and parasitoid behavior. This study evaluated the influence of S. frugiperda host age and egg odor experience, on chemotactic behavior and parasitism of T. pretiosum. Spodoptera frugiperda eggs with 24, 48 and 72 hours were exposed to T. pretiosum females. Parasitoid time experience, in the same host, was evaluated within 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 hours, as well as, its host exposed time (1, 2, 3 and 24 hours). Chemotactic responses of T. pretiosum (experienced and inexperienced females) to S. frugiperda egg extracts were recorded in Y-tube olfactometer. We also observe parasitism rates (choice tests) in insects with and without experience. The parasitism average was higher in S. frugiperda eggs with 24 hours. Inexperienced females and those experienced for 1, 3 and 4 hours, parasitized less S. frugiperda eggs compared to those for 5, 6 and 24 hours. There was no difference in parasitism from females exposed for 2, 3 and 24 hours when compared to those exposed for one hour. Experienced females were more attracted to S. frugiperda eggs odor than to control (hexano). Parasitism percentage, by inexperienced parasitoids, was greater in E. kuehniella eggs (original host) than in S. frugiperda, however it was not observed in experienced females.

RESUMO Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) foi introduzido Nordeste do Brasil em 1994, para avaliar a possibilidade de uso em um programa de controle biológico de moscas-das-frutas. No entanto, os efeitos desta espécie nos índices de parasitismo e nas populações de parasitoides nativos nas condições do Sul do Brasil, são desconhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto das liberações de D. longicaudata no parasitismo de moscas-das-frutas em nêsperas, pêssegos, araçás e caquis, no município de Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brasil. No primeiro ano de trabalho, frutos foram coletados e armazenados em laboratório para obtenção de pupários. As moscas ou parasitoides que emergiram foram contabilizados e identificados. No segundo ano, foram realizadas liberações de adultos de D. longicaudata provenientes de laboratório, criados em Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.). Os parasitoides foram liberados nos períodos de safras, na densidade de aproximadamente 1.700 parasitoides/ha, e foram realizadas amostragens de frutos da mesma forma que no primeiro ano. No terceiro ano, o procedimento realizado foi o mesmo do primeiro, sem liberações. Um aumento significativo foi registrado nos índices de parasitismo no segundo ano, nas frutíferas amostradas, com exceção do caqui, no qual nenhum parasitoide foi recuperado, em nenhum ano. No segundo ano o número de moscas emergidas também foi menor. No terceiro ano de coletas, nenhuma D. longicaudata foi registrada e os índices de parasitismo foram estatisticamente iguais aos verificados no primeiro ano. Os parasitoides nativos coletados foram: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), os quais foram constatados em pelo menos uma das espécies de frutífera e mesmo nos anos após a introdução do parasitoide exótico, indicando que este não foi deletério para estas espécies. Conclui-se que D. longicaudata pode auxiliar a reduzir populações de moscas-das-frutas na região de Eldorado do Sul, RS.

ABSTRACT Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was introduced in 1994, in Northeastern Brazil, to evaluate its use in biological control programs of fruit flies. However, the effects of this specie on parasitism rates on the population of native parasitoids and fruit flies in Southern Brazil conditions are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of releases of D. longicaudata on the parasitism rates on loquats, peach trees, strawberry guava trees, and persimmons in an experimental area in the city of Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. In the first year of the study, fruits were collected and stored in the laboratory to obtain pupae. The flies or parasitoids that emerged were counted and identified. In the second year, adults of D. longicaudata were reared in the laboratory on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) and larvae were released in the field (1.700 insects/ha) at each harvest time and the parasitism was evaluated in the same manner as in the first year. In the third year, the procedure was the same as the first year, without any releases. A significant increase in the rates of parasitism was recorded in the second year except in the persimmon, in which no parasitoid was recovered in any year. In the second year the number of emerged fruit flies was also lower. In the third year, no D. longicaudata were recorded and parasitism rates of parasitism were statistically similar to those found in the first year. The native parasitoids collected were Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck). These species were found in at least one kind of fruit even in the years after the introduction of the exotic parasitoid, indicating that it was not harmful to these species. We conclude that D. longicaudata can help to reduce the population of fruit flies in Eldorado do Sul region, in Rio Grande do Sul.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la preferencia de oviposición de Anastrepha fraterculus (Díptera: Tephritidae) en manzanas verdes. Se evaluaron frutos en el estado ‘J’ (30 días después de la plena floración) de ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Fuji Suprema’, ‘Catarina’ y de la selección M-11/00, colectados en pomar de producción orgánica, en la Estación Experimental de EPAGRI de Calador, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se colectaron 200 frutos de cada genotipo. Entre 100 frutos, 48 fueron separados y estandarizados por el diámetro transversal y por su peso. En el laboratorio, en un ruedo de libre elección, un fruto de cada genotipo fue ofrecido simultáneamente a una hembra deA. fraterculus y los comportamientos de inspección, perforación y arrastre fueron observados durante 15 minutos. Los frutos perforados fueron almacenados en potes plásticos con arena, para registro de puparios. Para verificar la relación de la preferencia de A. fraterculus con la inspección y perforación, los 100 frutos restantes fueron utilizados para los análisis físicoquímicos: acidez titulable, sólidos solubles totales, firmeza de la pulpa, prueba del almidón y color de fondo de los frutos. La categoría de comportamiento observada con mayor frecuencia fue la inspección (100%). Las hembras deA. fraterculus hicieron más perforaciones en frutos de ‘Royal Gala’ y ‘Catarina’, pero en ningún genotipo fue observado desarrollo larval. No se observó diferencia entre los genotipos para los valores medios de acidez titulable, sólidos solubles totales y color de fondo de la epidermis. Las características fisicoquímicas no influenciaron la preferencia deA. fraterculus por los genotipos.

This study aimed to evaluate the oviposition preferences of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) for unripe apple fruits. Fruits were evaluated in the "J" state (30 days after the full bloom) of the Royal Gala, Fuji Supreme, and Catarina varieties and of the M-11/00 selection, collected in an organic apple orchard at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Calador, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Two hundred fruits of each genotype were collected. From 100 of the fruits, 48 were separated and standardized by diameter and mass. In the laboratory, in a free choice arena, a fruit of each genotype was offered simultaneously to a female ofA. fraterculus and inspection, puncture, and ovipositor dragging behaviors were observed for 15 minutes. Punctured fruits were kept in plastic containers containing sand for pupae registration. To verify the inspection and puncture preferences ofA. fraterculus , the 100 remaining fruits were used for physicochemical analyses, including: titratable acidity, total soluble solids, pulp firmness, starch index, and epidermal background color. The most frequently observed behavioral category was inspection (100%). More punctures by A. fraterculus females were seen in the Royal Gala and Catarina varieties; however, larval development was not observed in any genotype. No differences were observed between genotypes in mean values of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, or epidermal background color. Thus, the physicochemical characteristics observed did not influence preference for apple genotypes inA. fraterculus.

No Jardim Botânico de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ninfas e adultos de Tingis americana Drake, 1922 foram encontrados alimentando-se de folhas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos e Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex A. DC.) Mattos, causando morte de mudas. Este é o primeiro registro de T. americana nestas espécies hospedeiras e no sul do Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento ninfal nestes dois hospedeiros e registrar os parâmetros reprodutivos em H. heptaphyllus a 25 ± 1ºC; 60 ± 10% UR; fotofase de 16 horas. A duração média do período ninfal foi menor nos indivíduos mantidos em H. heptaphyllus (12,69 ± 0,076 dias) do que em H. chrysotrichus (19,11 ± 0,208 dias) (P < 0,0001), entretanto a viabilidade desta fase foi similar nos dois hospedeiros. Em H. heptaphyllus, o período embrionário médio foi de 12,32 ± 0,274 dias, e a viabilidade dos ovos de 92%. A fecundidade média total e diária foram de 310,0 ± 19,40 ovos/fêmea e 7,46 ± 0,302 ovos/fêmea/dia, respectivamente. Machos e fêmeas pareados mostraram longevidade semelhante (P = 0,0691), enquanto fêmeas não-pareadas foram mais longevas do que machos não-pareados (P = 0,0460).

Nymphs and adults of Tingis americana Drake, 1922 were found feeding on leaves of Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos and Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex A. DC.) Mattos in the Botanic Garden, Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is the first record of T. americana on these host plants and in the southern Brazil. We aimed to compare the nymphal development on both hosts and to analyze the reproductive parameters on H. heptaphyllus (25 ± 1ºC; 60 ± 10% RH; 16 h photophase). The mean nymphal period (days) was shorter in individuals reared on H. heptaphyllus (12.69 ± 0.076) than on H. chrysotrichus (19.11 ± 0.208) (P < 0.0001), however, nymph viability was similar. On H. heptaphyllus, the mean embryonic period lasted 12.32 ± 0.274 days and the egg viability was 92%. The mean total and daily fecundity were 310.0 ± 19.40 eggs/female and 7.46 ± 0.302 eggs/female/day, respectively. Paired males and females showed similar longevity (P = 0.0691), while unpaired females lived longer than unpaired males (P = 0.0460).

O percevejo-do-colmo, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), é uma importante praga da cultura do arroz no Brasil. O presente trabalho objetivou registrar a ocorrência de parasitoides de ovos de T. limbativentris em lavoura de arroz irrigado, situada no município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. A área (603 m2) foi vistoriada semanalmente, de 21/01/2010 a 03/03/2010, coletando-se posturas do percevejo-do-colmo. Constatou-se somente a ocorrência de Telenomus podisi(Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) como parasitoide de ovos, sendo o índice de parasitismo de 75%. Este é o primeiro registro de T. podisi em ovos do percevejo-do-colmo em lavouras de arroz no Rio Grande do Sul.

The rice stem stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of rice in Brazil. This study aimed to register egg parasitoids of T. limbativentris in irrigated rice crop in Eldorado do Sul (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The area (603 m2) was inspected weekly from 01/21/2010 to 03/03/2010 and rice stem stink bug eggs were collected. It was observed only the occurrence of Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) as egg parasitoid and the parasitism rate was 75%. This is the first record of T. podisi in rice stem stink bug eggs collected in rice fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

La mosca sudamericana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), es una plaga de importancia económica en la producción de frutas en el sur de Brasil. En huertos bajo manejo orgánico la especie se controla tradicionalmente con aceites, extractos vegetales y soluciones como el extracto piroleñoso y sulfuro de cal. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar el posible efecto disuasivo de los plaguicidas que presentan la más alta bioactividad electroantenográficas en moscas de la fruta y evaluar sus efectos sobre la viabilidad de las pupas en frutas tratadas. Las antenas fueron expuestas al extracto piroleñoso (BioPirol 7M®, 0,4%), solución de sulfuro de cal (SulFertilizantes, 1%), Nim (Organic Neem®; 0,5%) y rotenona (Rotenat®, 0,6%), teniendo en cuenta el sexo de la mosca, la edad y el estado reproductivo. La viabilidad de las pupas fue evaluada en larvas criadas en frutas de papaya (Carica papaya var. Calyman) y guayaba (Psidium guajava var. Paluma) tratadas con los plaguicidas que generaron las respuestas electrofisiológicas más fuertes. La bioactividad de las antenas de A. fraterculus fue mayor cuando fueron estimuladas con extracto piroleñoso y la solución de sulfuro de cal, para moscas jóvenes y apareadas. Ninguna de estas sustancias inhibió la oviposición y el desarrollo de las larvas en los frutos tratados, un resultado que tiene implicaciones importantes en el manejo de A. fraterculus en sistemas orgánicos.

The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of fruit production in Southern Brazil. In organically managed orchards the species has traditionally been controlled with oils, plant extracts, and solutions such as pyroligneous extract and lime sulfur. The objectives of this study were to examine the possible deterrent effect of pesticides with the highest electroantennographic bioactivity on fruit flies and to assess their effects on the viability of pupae in treated fruits. Antennae were exposed to pyroligneous extract (BioPirol7M®, 0.4%), lime sulfur solution (SulFertilizantes, 1%), neem (Organic Neem®, 0.5%), and rotenone (Rotenat®, 0.6%), taking into account fly sex, age and reproductive status. Pupal viability was assessed for larvae reared in papaya (Carica papaya var. Calyman) and guava (Psidium guajava var. Paluma) fruits treated with the pesticides that generated the strongest electrophysiological responses. The bioactivity of A. fraterculus antennae was highest when stimulated with pyroligneous extract and lime sulfur solution, for young and mated flies. Neither substance inhibited oviposition and larval development in treated fruits, a result that has important implications for A. fraterculus management in organic systems.

O sucesso reprodutivo da mariposa-oriental foi avaliado em quatro bioensaios: 1) avaliação do tempo de cópula, fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade de fêmeas pareadas com machos virgens e imediatamente acasalados; 2) tempo de cópula, tamanho do espermatóforo, fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade em fêmeas pareadas com machos virgens e acasalados até quatro vezes; 3) receptividade de fêmeas a cópulas adicionais após o acasalamento com machos virgens ou acasalados, e o efeito deste comportamento na fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade das fêmeas; 4) influência da idade dos insetos no sucesso reprodutivo. Machos (33%) foram capazes de copular logo após o primeiro acasalamento. Os machos foram igualmente férteis até o quarto acasalamento, mas somente na primeira cópula transferiram espermatóforo com maior comprimento (1,43 ± 0,10 mm) e na largura (0,83 ± 0,11 mm), e apresentaram cópula de menor duração (34,8 ± 2,62 min). Uma maior proporção de fêmeas copuladas por machos não virgens (84%) foram receptivas a novos acasalamentos em comparação as pareadas com virgens (32,4%). No entanto, a fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade foram semelhantes entre as fêmeas que copularam uma ou várias vezes. A idade foi o fator que mais afetou as variáveis reprodutivas, onde insetos de um e três dias de idade foram significativamente mais fecundos, férteis e apresentaram menor tempo de cópula que os mais velhos. Os resultados apontam que a capacidade de reprodução de G. molesta altera-se pouco com relação aos fatores analisados, ressaltando assim, elevado potencial biótico da espécie.

The reproductive success of the oriental peach moth was evaluated in four experiments: 1) assessment of the mating duration, fecundity, fertility and longevity of females paired with virgin and immediately mated males; 2) mating duration, spermatophore size, fecundity, fertility and longevity in females paired with virgin and up to four times mated males; 3) receptivity of females to additional copulations after mating with virgin or mated males, and the effects of this behavior in female fecundity, fertility and longevity; 4) influence of insects age in the reproductive output. Males (33%) could copulate immediately after a previous copula. They were fertile until the fourth mating, but only in the first copula they transferred the longest (1.43 ± 0.10 mm) and widest (0.83 ± 0.11 mm) spermatophore, presenting the fastest mating duration (34.8 ± 2.62 min). A high proportion of females copulated by non-virgin males (84%) was receptive to other copulas, in comparison to those copulated by virgin males (32.4%). However, the fecundity, fertility, and longevity were similar among females that copulate once or more. The age was the most important factor affecting reproductive variables, where one and three day old insects had a significant higher fecundity, fertility and presented a shorter mating duration in comparison with older individuals. Results pointed out that the reproductive capacity of Grapholita molesta changes a little with respect to the analyzed factors, highlighting the elevated biotic potential of the species.

Primeiros registros de Glyphepomis adroguensis (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) e seu parasitoide, Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), em arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Ovos, ninfas e adultos de Glyphepomis adroguensis Berg, 1891 (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) foram observados pela primeira vez no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em lavouras de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) em Charqueadas (29º59'S, 51º31'W) e Eldorado do Sul (30º02'S, 51º23'W). Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) foi encontrado em ovos de G. adroguensis.

First records of Glyphepomis adroguensis (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its parasitoid, Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), on rice fields in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eggs, nymphs, and adults of Glyphepomis adroguensis Berg, 1891 (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) were observed for the first time on rice fields (Oryza sativa L.) in Charqueadas (29º59'S, 51º31'W) and Eldorado do Sul (30º02'S, 51º23'W) of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) was found in G. adroguensis eggs.